CFA Institute

Why Legal Rights Shouldn’t Sit Within the Investment Function

Institutional investors often describe themselves as “universal owners,” but ownership is not defined by portfolio size, it is defined by behavior. Across institutional portfolios, legal and contractual protections routinely go unenforced, not because claims lack merit, but because decisions about pursuing them are shaped by competing incentives. In many cases, the same people responsible for maintaining manager relationships, preserving access, and defending past allocations are also deciding whether to pursue recovery.  The result is a structurally uneven system: smaller claims are quietly abandoned, oversight becomes discretionary rather than systematic, and fiduciary responsibility is subordinated to relationship management. When actionable claims go unpursued, it signals that enforcement is optional. Over time, counterparties adjust to a world in which scrutiny is inconsistent and consequences are uncertain. Weak governance becomes less costly, the consequences of misconduct are increasingly borne by investors, and accountability across markets gradually erodes.  Chief Investment Officers (CIOs), boards, and investment committees should govern legal rights with the same discipline as capital allocation decisions, not leave them to biased, relationship-driven judgment. source

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Private Credit Stress: Concentrated Risk, Not Systemic Crisis

While direct lending to sponsor-backed software companies was a winning formula for much of the past decade, the model has come under pressure as AI disruption has called into question long-term growth assumptions across parts of the sector. Beyond this segment, however, private credit spans a far wider universe: structured credit, asset-backed finance, real-asset lending secured by aircraft and infrastructure, and convertibles. Europe, and now Asia, are attracting increasing amounts of capital amidst clear funding gaps due to risk-averse banking systems and over-regulation. A well-constructed multi-strategy portfolio, where no single sector exceeds 5% of exposure, may be only marginally impacted even by a structural shift such as the rise of artificial intelligence. More generally, when you extrapolate from gated semi-liquid retail vehicles to the collapse of private markets as a whole, you are prey to a well-known heuristic. Research on geopolitical shocks and investor decision-making shows that analysts and investors alike tend to reach for the most dramatic historical precedents (the 1907 trust company panic and the global financial crisis), rather than the more numerous and more probable mundane outcomes. The GFC comparison fails on its own structural terms. The 2007 to 2009 crisis was a funding-mismatch catastrophe: overnight asset-backed commercial paper financing illiquid mortgage assets, with 30x to 40x leverage and no transparency. Today’s private credit is senior secured floating-rate lending, 1x to 1.25x leverage at the BDC level, with quarterly gating that functions as the lender-of-last-resort. Moreover, gating is a feature of private markets, not a bug. The gates are not evidence of systemic failure; they are the mechanism working exactly as designed, preventing forced sales at the worst moment. Long-term investors deliberately accept this illiquidity in exchange for a premium. Private credit has a concentration problem in one segment, a temporary redemption management challenge in one product type, and a sentiment problem in one distribution channel (retail investors). It does not have a systemic solvency problem or a funding-mismatch crisis. Preqin’s November 2025 survey found that 81% of limited partners plan to hold or increase private credit commitments. The asset class is on track to reach $4.5 trillion by 2030. Private markets are less standardized, with more bespoke risk-return drivers, and a greater emphasis on manager selection and underwriting skills. They are an investment universe, not an asset class, and because of that, they are not correlated. The problem is that private markets have only recently stepped into the public discourse, and the conversation has not yet caught up with the complexity they demand. Financial journalists, for the most part, approach them with scant knowledge and a public markets mindset, reaching for familiar frameworks that simply do not apply. Volatility, liquidity, and daily pricing are largely beside the point in private markets, yet they remain the default lens. Practitioners bear some responsibility too: the industry has long been guilty of speaking to itself, wrapping straightforward concepts in layers of alienating jargon. The result of this mismatch is that retail investors, bombarded with half-formed narratives and sensational headlines, are left poorly equipped to evaluate the opportunity. Professional investors, who know more have little incentive to correct the record. And panicky headlines that claim “the music has stopped” or “the bubble is bursting” do far more to stoke anxiety than to illuminate reality, leaving the very investors who might benefit most from private markets on the sidelines. Alfonso Ricciardelli, CFA, is a co-editor of CFA Institute Research Foundation’s An Introduction to Alternative Credit. source

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Repricing the AI Narrative: From Hype to Economic Profit

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly evolving from an experimental capability into a core production input across industries. Public markets have responded accordingly, with firms perceived as AI beneficiaries experiencing significant multiple expansion—often ahead of any observable improvement in cash flows. For financial analysts, the central question is not whether AI will transform business operations, but whether it will support sustainable economic profits. This distinction is critical. Markets tend to reward narratives in the short term, but over the long term, valuation converges toward realized cash flows and return on capital. This blog evaluates AI adoption through a fundamental valuation lens, focusing on its implications for cash flows, risk, and portfolio construction. source

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Passive vs. Active in DC Plans

Passive exposure in defined contribution plans is not just a function of fund selection. It varies by asset class: passive dominates core equity exposures, while active remains more prevalent in fixed income and other less indexed segments. It is also increasing within target-date funds as allocations to them grow. The magnitude of the shift varies significantly. In US small blend equity, for example, active strategies fell from 65% of funds in 2013 to just 21% in 2023. Similar, though less pronounced, patterns appear across other core equity categories. By contrast, fixed income segments such as high yield and core plus bonds remain more actively managed. The shift toward passive is also visible across plan sizes. A decade ago, smaller plans were far more likely to rely on active strategies. Today, that gap has largely closed, with smaller plans adopting index strategies at rates like their larger counterparts. These findings draw from a series of analyses for the DCIIA Retirement Research Center examining how DC core menus have evolved over the last decade, leveraging plan investment data from filing years 2013 to 2023. In the first piece, which we summarized for Enterprising Investor, we explored changes in core menus. In our second piece, summarized here, we explore changes in the availability and utilization of passive investment strategies. source

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A Clearer Way to Benchmark Private Equity

Private equity benchmarking is shifting toward greater transparency, attribution, and analytical rigor. The Department of Labor’s recent guidance reinforces the importance of meaningful benchmarks in fiduciary evaluation, but the momentum extends beyond regulatory compliance. Investors increasingly expect to understand what a benchmark includes, what it excludes, and which assumptions materially influence its results. The standard is shifting from trusting the number to understanding its construction. Dispersion, attribution, and transparency are becoming core features rather than optional enhancements. This evolution does not eliminate tradeoffs. Highly standardized benchmarks remain valuable for broad comparability, but they often obscure the drivers of performance. More granular, transaction-informed approaches offer deeper insight into exposures and risks, but they require stronger data foundations and greater analytical judgment. The challenge ahead is not to produce more benchmarks, but to develop frameworks that make private market performance interpretable, comparable, and decision relevant. As private assets compete more directly for capital within diversified portfolios, clarity is no longer a luxury. It is a necessity. Disclosure:HarbourVest Partners, LLC (“HarbourVest”) is a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. This material is solely for informational purposes; the information should not be viewed as a current or past recommendation or an offer to sell or the solicitation to buy securities or adopt any investment strategy. In addition, the information contained in this document (i) may not be relied upon by any current or prospective investor and (ii) has not been prepared for marketing purposes. In all cases, interested parties should conduct their own investigation and analysis of any information set forth herein and consult with their own advisors. HarbourVest has not acted in any investment advisory, brokerage or similar capacity by virtue of supplying this information. The opinions expressed herein represent the current, good faith views of the author(s) at the time of publication, are not definitive investment advice, and should not be relied upon as such. This material has been developed internally and/or obtained from sources believed to be reliable; however, HarbourVest does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy or completeness of such information. The information is subject to change without notice and HarbourVest has no obligation to update you. There is no assurance that any events or projections will occur, and outcomes may be significantly different than the opinions shown here. This information, including any projections concerning financial market performance, is based on current market conditions, which will fluctuate and may be superseded by subsequent market events or for other reasons. The information contained herein must be kept strictly confidential and may not be reproduced or redistributed in any format without the express written approval of HarbourVest. source

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Financial Analysts Journal, Second Quarter 2026, Vol. 82, No. 2

The Fallacy of ConcentrationMark Kritzman, CFA, and David Turkington, CFA Emotional Yields of CollectiblesElroy Dimson, Kuntara Pukthuanthong, and Blair Vorsatz Fundamental GrowthRob Arnott, Chris Brightman, CFA, Campbell Harvey, Que Nguyen, and Omid Shakernia   Value versus Growth: What Drives the Value Premium?Linda H. Chen, CFA, Wei Huang, and George J. Jiang Rethinking Variable Importance in Machine Learning: An Economic Perspective on Empirical Asset PricingYonghwan Jo and Yong Hwi Kim The Performance of Small Business Investment CompaniesGregory W. Brown, Wendy Hu, David T. Robinson, and William M. Volckmann II A Reassessment of Hedge Fund Returns Using Daily Return DataChristos Antoniadis and Spyros Skouras source

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